Association between winter season and desmopressin treatment efficiency in children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of our study was to assess the association between the winter season and desmopressin treatment failure in South Chinese children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE). Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of children with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis who have visited our urology clinic from January to December 2019. All patients received desmopressin treatment. Final treatment outcomes were categorized as successful (complete response) or failed (absent and partial response). The relationship between winter season and treatment response to desmopressin was evaluated. Additionally, associated risk factors were investigated with both univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Results: In total, 393 patients diagnosed with MNE were included in the present study. There were no statistically significant differences in pretreatment variables at first visit between patients who visited the clinic in winter and those who did so in other seasons. However, the treatment failure rate of MNE in the winter season was higher than that of other seasons (77.50% vs. 52.74%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the severity of symptoms and an initial clinic visit in the winter season were significantly related to desmopressin treatment failure in MNE patients. Conclusion: Winter season and severity of symptoms are two risk factors associated with desmopressin treatment failure in MNE patients.

Desmopressin acetate use in von Willebrand's disease: a survey on current practices in Brazil

ABSTRACT Introduction: von Willebrand's disease (VWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. The 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) is the treatment of choice for most responsive patients with VWD. The aim of this study was to evaluate DDAVP use in the management of VWD. Method: We implemented a survey targeting medical doctors involved in the management of VWD in Brazil. Data was collected during a national congress on Hematology in November 2017. Main results: A total of 51/80 (63.8%) questionnaires were collected. Most participants (76.2%) were hematologists who assisted adult patients and approximately 60% worked at hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs). Approximately half of participants who reported treating patients with VWD, assisted on average, less than 5 patients per month, and approximately 60% declared not having used any DDAVP for treating VWD in the previous year. However, most participants (70%) prescribed FVIII-containing VWF concentrate (VWF/FVIII) for 1-10 patients in the previous year. More than 80% of the participants recognized the main indications for DDAVP. Physicians who recognized indication for DDAVP for type 1 VWD more often had prescribed DDAVP in previous year (p = 0.03). Barriers for prescribing DDAVP varied and included unavailability of laboratory facilities and consumables for DDAVP testing and lack of skills on its prescription. Conclusion: The DDAVP is currently underused in Brazil, as opposed to the excessive use of VWF/FVIII in VWD patients. We suggest the adoption of measures targeting educational and auditing programs. Furthermore, availability of laboratory reagents is needed to evaluate response and increment the correct use of DDAVP.

A comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of treating primary nocturnal enuresis with Solifenacin Plus Desmopressin, Tolterodine Plus Desmopressin, and Desmopressin alone: a randomized controlled clinical trial

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nocturnal enuresis (enuresis) is one of the most common developmental problems of childhood, which has often a familial basis, causes mental and psychological damage to the child and disrupts family solace. Objectives: In this study, we compared therapeutic efficacy and tolerability of treating primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) with solifenacin plus desmopressin, tolterodine plus desmopressin, and desmopressin alone. Because we don't have enough information about this comparison especially about solifenacin plus desmopressin. Patients and Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 62 patients with enuresis aged 5-15 years who referred to the urology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahwaz in 2017-2018. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the three different therapeutic protocols and any participants were given a specific code. After that, we compared the therapeutic response and the level of satisfaction of each therapeutic group in different months. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software and descriptive and analytical statistics. Results: The mean age of patients was 8.70±66 years. In the therapeutic group with desmopressin and solifenacin, 19 of 20 patients (95%) achieved complete remission (1) after a 3-month treatment in comparison with monotherapy group in which 14 of 22 patients (63.63%) achieved complete remission; and in the combination therapy group of desmopressin and tolterodine, in the study and the evaluation of the consequences of 3-month treatment of this group, it was found that 17 of 20 patients (85%) had complete remission. Overall, the therapeutic response in combination therapy groups of desmopressin plus anticholinergic was higher than the monotherapy group of desmopressin alone. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the combination of desmopressin and an anticholinergic agent is highly effective in treatment of children with PMNE. Although desmopressin has long been a first - line treatment for PMNE, desmopressin monotherapy often fails to achieve a successful response in patients with PMNE.

Respuesta a la prueba de desmopresina: estudio de cohorte en un hospital de Bogotá / Response to the desmopressin test: cohort study in a Bogota hospital

Introducción: La desmopresina es un análogo sintético de la vasopresina que aumenta los niveles plasmáticos del factor VIII y del factor de von Willebrand. Algunos autores señalan el tiempo de mantenimiento del efecto hemostático entre 6 y 8 h, por lo que es necesario estudiar su efecto en el tiempo. Objetivo: Determinar la variación de las variables de laboratorio de pacientes con enfermedad de von Willebrand y hemofilia tipo A posterior a la administración de desmopresina. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en un hospital universitario en Bogotá. Se realizó un muestreo no aleatorio, se incluyeron 24 pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de enfermedad de von Willebrand (67 por ciento) y hemofilia tipo A no grave (33 por ciento), a quienes se les realizó la prueba de desmopresina. Se conformaron dos grupos de pacientes, independientemente del diagnóstico: 15 pacientes con valores basales de factor VIII ; 50 UI y 13 pacientes con valores basales de antígeno von Willebrand lt; 50 UI. Se efectúo análisis estadístico descriptivo y correlacional en Stata 13. Resultados: El 87 por ciento de los pacientes del grupo I alcanzó el valor terapéutico a las 2 h de administrada la desmopresina (p= 0,000), el cual se mantuvo hasta 6 h en el 77 por ciento (p= 0,000). En el grupo II el 92 por ciento logró el valor terapéutico en 2 h (p= 0,003), que continuó hasta las 6 h en el 83 por ciento (p= 0,000). Conclusiones: La respuesta a la administración de desmopresina fue máxima a las 2 h posteriores, cuando comenzó a disminuir progresivamente, pero mantuvo el efecto terapéutico. Aunque no se encontraron efectos adversos, existe variabilidad de respuesta entre pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Desmopressin is a synthetic analog for vasopressin that increases the plasma levels of factor VIII and of von Willebrand factor. Some authors indicate maintenance time of hemostatic effect between 6 and 8 hours, so it is necessary to study its effect over time. Objective: To determine the variation of laboratory variables in patients with von Willebrand disease and type A hemophilia after desmopressin administration. Methods: Retrospective cohort study carried out in a university hospital in Bogotá. Nonrandomized sampling was used, including 24 patients older than 18 years and with a diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (67 percent) and non-severe type A hemophilia (33 percent), who underwent the desmopressin test. Two groups of patients were created, regardless of diagnosis: 15 patients with baseline values of factor-VIII 8203; #8203;lower than 50 IU and 13 patients with baseline values of von Willebrand antigen8203;8203;lower than 50 IU. Descriptive and correlational statistical analysis was performed in Stata 13. Results: 87 percent of patients in group I reached the therapeutic value two hours after desmopressin administration (p=0.000), which was maintained for up to six hours in 77 percent (p=0.000). In group II, 92 percent achieved the therapeutic value in two hours (p=0.003), which continued until six hours in 83 percent (p=0.000). Conclusions: Response to desmopressin administration was maximum at two hours, when it began to decrease progressively, but maintained the therapeutic effect. Although no adverse effects were found, there is variability of response among patients(AU)

Brazilian consensus in enuresis-recomendations for clinical practice

ABSTRACT Introduction Enuresis, defined as an intermittent urinary incontinence that occurs during sleep, is a frequent condition, occurring in about 10% of children at 7 years of age. However, it is frequently neglected by the family and by the primary care provider, leaving many of those children without treatment. Despite of many studies in Enuresis and recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge there is still considerable heterogeneity in evaluation methods and therapeutic approaches. Materials and Methods The board of Pediatric Urology of the Brazilian Society of Urology joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on Enuresis and elaborated a draft of the document. On September 2018 the panel met to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion Enuresis is a multifactorial disease that can lead to a diversity of problems for the child and family. Children presenting with Enuresis require careful evaluation and treatment to avoid future psychological and behavioral problems. The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies.

Desmopressina oral para o tratamento de diabetes insípido central / Oral desmopressin for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus

A DOENÇA: O diabetes insípido é uma síndrome caracterizada pela incapacidade de concentração do filtrado urinário, com consequente desenvolvimento de urina hipotônica e aumento de volume urinário (1). Pode ocorrer por deficiência do hormônio antidiurético (ADH) [também conhecido como arginina vasopressina (AVP)] ou por resistência à sua ação nos túbulos renais. Quando há deficiência na síntese do ADH, o diabetes insípido é chamado central, neurohipofisário ou neurogênico (DIC); quando há resistência à sua ação nos túbulos renais, é dito renal ou nefrogênico. É uma doença rara que pode afetar todas as faixas etárias. A TECNOLOGIA: A desmopressina é um análogo sintético do ADH com maior tempo de ação, maior potência antidiurética e menor efeito pressórico quando comparado ao ADH. O tratamento do diabetes insípido com desmopressina tem embasamento em séries de casos. O primeiro relato de seu uso no tratamento de diabetes insípido central envolveu uma série de 10 pacientes com a condição. Nesse estudo, que utilizou como controles os dados históricos dos 10 pacientes no período em que usavam o ADH como tratamento, a desmopressina mostrou-se segura e apresentou vantagens em relação ao ADH, principalmente quanto ao número de aplicações do medicamento (6-10 doses/dia com ADH e 1-3 doses/dia com desmopressina) e aos efeitos adversos (comuns com ADH e não detectados com desmopressina). Pela inequívoca demonstração de tratar-se de um fármaco com perfil de segurança e efetividade favoráveis, a desmopressina no tratamento do diabetes insípido central foi amplamente adotada, não existindo ensaios clínicos randomizados comparando ADH e desmopressina no tratamento da condição. CONSIDERAÇÕES: Solicita-se a incorporação no PCDT de diabetes insípido da apresentação na forma comprimidos para o uso oral da desmopressina para propiciar mais uma opção de via de administração no tratamento dos pacientes com diabetes insípido. DELIBERAÇÃO FINAL: Os membros da CONITEC presentes na reunião do plenário do dia 03/08/2017 deliberaram, por unanimidade, por recomendar a incorporação de desmopressina oral para diabetes insípido desde que o custo de tratamento não seja superior à desmopressina já disponível no SUS. DECISÃO: PORTARIA Nº 61, DE 19 DE DEZEMBRO DE 2017. Torna pública a decisão de incorporar a desmopressina oral para Diabetes Insípido, mediante negociação de preço, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde ­ SUS.

Infundibuloneurohipofisitis: caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Infundibuloneurohypophysitis: clinical report and literature review

Infundibuloneurohypophysitis is a rare condition, which is part of the group of hypophysitis, of relatively recent description (1993). The main clinical manifestation is diabetes insipidus, whose natural evolution is towards chronicity. The differential diagnosis with other thickening of the hypophysial stem is very important, where the clinic, imaging, laboratory and eventually biopsy are a main support for a correct diagnosis. We present a clinical case that shows the usual picture of infundibuloneurohypophysitis, and illustrates the imaging evolution in a female patient, with diabetes insipidus as the main clinical manifestation

A Case of Transient Central Diabetes Insipidus after Aorto-Coronary Bypass Operation

Diabetes insipidus (DI) is characterized by excessive urination and thirst. This disease results from inadequate output of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland or the absence of the normal response to ADH in the kidney. We present a case of transient central DI in a patient who underwent a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). A 44-yr-old male underwent a CABG operation. An hour after the operation, the patient developed polyuria and was diagnosed with central DI. The patient responded to desmopressin and completely recovered five days after surgery. It is probable that transient cerebral ischemia resulted in the dysfunction of osmotic receptors in the hypothalamus or hypothalamus-pituitary axis during CPB. It is also possible that cardiac standstill altered the left atrial non-osmotic receptor function and suppressed ADH release. Therefore, we suggest that central DI is a possible cause of polyuria after CPB.

Diabetes insípida en pediatría: serie clínica y revisión de la literatura / Diabetes insipidus in pediatrics

Introduction: Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a syndrome characterized by polyuria and polydipsia secondary to a decreased secretion or action of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH). An early diagnosis is essential. Diagnosis is made by measuring plasma and urinary osmolarity and their changes under water deprivation and after DDAVP administration. Objective: Lo describe the clinical, radiological characteristics as well as the initial treatment of eight children with DI, 3 of them nephrogenic DI (DIN) and 5 with central DI. Methods: A Retrospective, descriptive study in DI patients under control at the Catholic University of Chile and Sotero del Rio Hospital between 1998-2008 is presented. Clinical files were evaluated collecting clinical, epidemiologic, biochemical and image data. Serum (Sosm) and urinary osmolarity (Uosm) were registered. DI was diagnosed with a Sosm > 300 and Usm < 600 mOsm/L. Central DI was defined as the inability to reach a Uosm > 600 or a 50 percent-increase after DDAVP treatment. Otherwise DI was classified as DIN. Results: Eight patients (5 males) were studied. Chief complaints were polydipsia/polyuria (5/8), hyperthermia (2/8), and failure to grow (1/8). MRI showed endocraneal lesion in all patients with Central DI. All of these utilized oral or inhalatory DDAVP treatment. Patients with Nephrogenic DI were trated with Hydrochlrothiazide. Conclusion: Polydipsia, polyuria, hyperthermia with hypernatremia are suggestive of DI in the first year of life. Water deprivation test is diagnostic in differentiating Central and Nephrogenic DI. MRI is an essential diagnostic tool in CDI. Manegement should be multidisciplinary, including a pediatician, nephrologist, endocrinologist and nutricionist.

Introducción: La diabetes insípida (DI) se caracteriza por poliuria y polidipsia, secundario a una disminución de la secreción o acción de la hormona antidiurética. Su diagnóstico precoz es fundamental. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, radiológicas y tratamiento inicial de una serie de ocho pacientes con DI. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo-restrospectivo. Universo: Pacientes con DI evaluados en la Universidad Católica de Chile y Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río entre 1998-2008. Pacientes y Métodos: Desde la ficha clínica se analizaron variables clínicas, epidemiológicas, bioquímicas e imágenes. Se determinó Osmolaridad sérica (OsmS) y urinaria (OsmU). Se consideró DI sí la OsmS > 300 mOsm con OsmU < 600 mOsm, Di-central (DIC) sí posterior a DDAVP la OsmU aumento > 50 por ciento ó > 600 mOsm, de los contrario se clasificó como nefrogénica (DIN). Resultados: Se reclutaron ocho pacientes con DI (5 varones), fueron DIN 3/8. El motivo de consulta fue: polidipsia-poliuria (5/8), hipertermia (2/8) y talla baja (1/8). La RNM mostró lesión intracraneana en todos los pacientes con DIC: nodulo hipofisiario, aracnoidocele selar, Histiocitosis X, germinoma y un paciente sin se±al de neurohipófisis. Los sujetos con DIC usaron DDAVP inhalatoria (4) y oral (1). Los sujetos con DIN usaron hidroclorotiazida. Conclusión: Polidipsia, poliuria, hipertermia con hipernatremia y falla de medro en lactantes son sugerentes de DI. La prueba de deprivación hídrica es fundamental en la diferenciación de DIC y DIN. La RNM cerebral es una herramienta diagnóstica imprescindible en la DIC. El tratamiento de estos pacientes debe ser multidiciplinario interactuando pediatra, nefrólogo, endocrinólogo y nutricionista.

Uso de desmopresina durante el embarazo en enfermedad de Von Willebrand / Desmopressin use during pregnancy in Von Willebrand diseases

La enfermedad de Von Willebrand es el desorden hemorragíparo más frecuente. Las mujeres constituyen una población particularmente sintomática debido al desafío hemostático de las menstruaciones y el parto. Nosotros revisamos las historias médicas de 54 mujeres con niveles disminuidos de factor von Willebrand (VWF) e historia de sangrado, quienes hubieran usado desmopresina durante el embarazo. No se observaron efectos adversos ni en las mujeres ni en los recién nacidos, incluso en los 5 expuestos a la medicación en el primer trimestre de gestación. No se observaron complicaciones locales asociadas a la colocación del catéter epidural. La DDAVP fue efectiva para prevenir el sangrado posparto. La desmopresina merece ser considerada como la primera elección de tratamiento; en aquellas pacientes con bajo niveles de VWF presentan complicaciones hemorrágicas, incluyendo mujeres embarazadas. Aunque el sangrado posparto aparece en una pequeña proporción de mujeres con VWD, no hay un modo apropiado de identificar quiénes van a sangrar. El uso de profilaxis con DDAVP debería ser tenido en cuenta como una alternativa segura y efectiva.

The von Willebrand disease (VWD) is the most frequent hemorrhagic disorder. Women with VWD are more symptomatic than men because the challenged of menses and delivery. We reviewed the records of 54 women with a low plasmatic VWF level and bleeding history, who had used desmopressin during pregnancy. No adverse effects were observed in mothers or newborns, incluiding those exposed to the drug during the first trimester. No local complication of epidural placement was observed. DDAVP was effective to prevent post-partum hemorrhage. DDAVP merits to be considered as the first choice of therapy, when patients with a previous or current low plasmatic VWF level present bleeding complications, including pregnant women. Although post-partum bleeding will appear in a small proportion of VWD women, there is no accurate way to identify who is going to bleed. The use of DDAVP should be regarded as a highly valuable option.

Diabetes insípido em paciente com esclerose múltipla / Diabetes insipidus in a pacient with multiple sclerosis

A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença crônica e progressiva que se caracteriza por surtos de desmielinização que podem atingir qualquer topografia do cérebro, medula espinhal e nervo óptico. Sendo o diabetes insípido (DI) central causado, principalmente, em virtude de danos do sistema nervoso central (tais como trauma, cirurgia, tumor, infecção, sarcoidose), a EM está inclusa entre suas possíveis etiologias. Entretanto, a ocorrência dessa associação não é comumente descrita. A suspeita clínica deve ser feita na presença de poliúria e polidipsia ou hipernatremia refratária (em pacientes privados do acesso à água) durante a evolução da EM. Descreveremos um caso em que essa associação ocorreu e, após o início da terapêutica com desmopressina, a paciente reverteu o quadro clínico.

Multiple Sclerosis (ME) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by relapses of demyelination that can occur anywhere in the brain stem, spinal cord and optic nerve. Since central diabetes insipidus (DI) is mainly caused by central nervous system damage (such as trauma, surgery, tumor, infection, sarcoidosis), ME is included among its possible etiologies. However, this association is not commonly described. The clinical suspicion must be made in the presence of polyuria and polydipsia or refractory hypernatremia (in patients without free access to water) during the evolution of ME. We will describe a clinical report in which this association occurred and, after the beginning of desmopressin therapy, the clinical findings were reverted.

Uso de DDAVP en pacientes portadores de enfermedad de von Willebrand sometidos a adenoamigdalectomía / Use of DDAVP in patients with von Willebrand disease undergoing adenotonsillectomy

La enfermedad de von Willebrand (EVW) es la coagulopatía más frecuente en niños. Una de las principales complicaciones de la adenoamigdalectomía es la hemorragia. Debido a su patología de base, representan un gran desafío aquellos pacientes con EVW a quienes se efectúa esta cirugía. Desde hace algunos años, se utiliza desmopresina (DDAVP) para el manejo de esta patología. Se estudiaron restrospectivamente 15 pacientes pediátricos portadores de EVW tipo I, adenoamigdalectomizados en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Todos fueron hospitalizados y, previa medición del Factor VIII plasmático, se les proporcionó DDAVP. Una hora después de iniciada la infusión, se controló este factor. Si se incrementaba en 50 por ciento del valor basal, la cirugía se efectuaba sin aporte de hemoderivados; de lo contrario, se indicaba crioprecipitado. En ambos casos se utilizó ácido tranexámico como coadyuvante.La respuesta a DDAVP fue positiva en 13 pacientes (87 por ciento). En los 2 pacientes en quienes ésta no se observó se les suministró crioprecipitado. Todo el grupo estudiado evolucionó satisfactoriamente. No fue necesario utilizar crioprecipitado de apoyo o cirugías de revisión. Se concluye que DDAVP evita el uso de hemoderivados en la mayoría de los pacientes con EVW tipo I sometidos a adenoamigdalectomía, no posee efectos adversos relevantes y no aumenta los costos de la cirugía.

Transfusão sangüínea em crianças e os métodos para evitá-la: uma reavaliação / Blood transfusion in pediatric patients and strategies to decrease it: a reevaluation

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Muitas medidas e técnicas são utilizadas, nos pacientes adultos, na tentativa de reduzir, ou evitar, tanto a perda sangüínea como a administração de sangue homólogo durante atos cirúrgicos para os quais se esperam grandes perdas na volemia. Enquanto as estratégias para evitar a utilização de sangue homólogo em pacientes adultos são largamente empregadas, nos pacientes pediátricos são negligenciadas. Talvez isso se deva ao fato de que em crianças essas técnicas podem não ser tão úteis quanto nos adultos, além dos problemas técnicos próprios do tamanho dos pacientes. O objetivo dessa revisão foi reavaliar as técnicas para reduzir a necessidade de transfusão de sangue homólogo em adultos e discutir sua utilização em pacientes pediátricos. CONTEUDO: Através da pesquisa bibliográfica apresentam-se às estratégias mais freqüentes para diminuir, ou mesmo evitar, transfusão de sangue homólogo durante atos cirúrgicos nos quais esperam-se grandes perdas volêmicas. Como todos os métodos conhecidos foram desenvolvidos para pacientes adultos, projeta-se, a partir daí, reavaliando-se esses métodos, técnicas e fármacos, uma linha de ação visando a sua aplicabilidade nos pacientes pediátricos. CONCLUSÕES: Mais uma vez fica patente que as soluções obtidas para adultos não são aplicáveis inteiramente aos pacientes pediátricos. As medidas para reduzir o sangramento intra-operatório e a conseqüente redução na necessidade do emprego de sangue homólogo são eficientes em pacientes adultos, porém são de longe mais invasivas, complicadas e muitas delas ineficientes nos pacientes pediátricos, notadamente naqueles abaixo de dois anos de idade.

Nocturnal enuresis.

Childhood enuresis is a common socially disruptive problem. The possible pathophysiological factors include a disorder of sleep arousal, nocturnal polyuria, and low bladder capacity. The evaluation of a patient with nocturnal enuresis is aimed to exclude any organic pathology, UTI and voiding dysfunction. An approach to management of this common disorder is outlined.

Aetiology and treatment response in patients with spontaneous diabetes insipidus.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous diabetes insipidus (DI) is an uncommon disorder. This study analysed aetiology and response to treatment in patients with spontaneous DI admitted to the endocrinology service of a teaching hospital. METHODS: Twenty patients were seen over a eight year period (1991-1998). The diagnosis of DI was confirmed in each case by the standard water deprivation test. Appropriate diagnostic procedures were carried out to determine aetiology. RESULTS: Sixteen patients had complete DI and four patients had partial DI. Eighteen had central DI and two nephrogenic DI. The etiology in sixteen of the eighteen patients with central DI included: histiocytosis--three, eosinophilic granuloma--two, neurosarcoidosis--three, viper-bite--one, head injury--two, germinoma--one, post RT--one, tuberculous meningitis--one, acute-sphenoid sinusitis--one and hypothalamic tumour--one. Eleven patients (61%) responded to tab. carbamazepine, while nine (45%) required intra-nasal DDAVP. One of the two patients with nephrogenic DI responded to thiazide diuretic. CONCLUSION: We identified the aetiology in 88% of our patients with central DI. Histiocytosis and sarcoidosis accounted for 40%. Most patients (61%) responded to treatment with oral carbamazepine, others required intra-nasal DDAVP.